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Chemical-free pretreatments are attracting increased interest because they generate less inhibitor in hydrolysates. In this study, pilot-scaled continuous hydrothermal (PCH) pretreatment followed by disk refining was evaluated and compared to laboratory-scale batch hot water (LHW) pretreatment. Bioenergy sorghum bagasse (BSB) was pretreated at 160-190 °C for 10 min with and without subsequent disk milling. Hydrothermal pretreatment and disk milling synergistically improved glucose and xylose release by 10-20% compared to hydrothermal pretreatment alone. Maximum yields of glucose and xylose of 82.55% and 70.78%, respectively were achieved, when BSB was pretreated at 190 °C and 180 °C followed by disk milling. LHW pretreated BSB had 5-15% higher sugar yields compared to PCH for all pretreatment conditions. The surface area improvement was also performed. PCH pretreatment combined with disk milling increased BSB surface area by 31.80-106.93%, which was greater than observed using LHW pretreatment.

Enclosed in this dataset are transport data of kagome connected artificial spin ice networks composed of permalloy nanowires. The data herein are reproductions of the data seen in Appendix B of the dissertation titled "Magnetotransport of Connected Artificial Spin Ice". Field sweeps with the magnetic field applied in-plane were performed in 5 degree increments for armchair orientation kagome artificial spin ice and zigzag orientation kagome artificial spin ice.

The following files were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the leafhopper subfamily Deltocephalinae, using IQ-TREE v1.6.12 and ASTRAL v 4.10.5. <b>1) taxon_sampling.csv:</b> contains the sequencing ids (1st column) and the taxonomic information (2nd column) of each sample. Sequencing ids were used in the alignment files and partition files. <b>2)concatenated_nt.phy:</b> concatenated nucleotide alignment used for the maximum likelihood analysis of Deltocephalinae by IQ-TREE v1.6.12. The file lists the sequences of 163,365 nucleotide positions from 429 genes in 730 samples. Hyphens are used to represent gaps. <b>3) concatenated_nt_partition.nex:</b> the partitions for the concatenated nucleotide alignment. The file partitions the 163,365 nucleotide characters into 429 character sets, and defines the best substitution model for each character set. <b>4) concatenated_aa.phy:</b> concatenated amino acid alignment used for the maximum likelihood analysis of Deltocephalinae by IQ-TREE v1.6.12. The file gives the sequences of 53,969 amino acids from 429 genes in 730 samples. Hyphens are used to represent gaps. <b>5) concatenated_aa_partition.nex:</b> the partitions for the concatenated amino acid alignment. The file partitions the 53,969 characters into 429 character sets, and defines the best substitution model for each character set. <b>6) concatenated_nt_106taxa.phy:</b> a reduced concatenated nucleotide alignment representing 107 samples x 86 genes. This alignment is used to estimate the divergence times of Deltocephalinae using MCMCTree in PAML v4.9. The file lists the sequences of 79,239 nucleotide positions from 86 genes in 107 samples. Hyphens are used to represent gaps. <b>7) concatenated_nt_106taxa_partition.nex:</b> the partitions for the nucleotide alignment concatenated_nt_106taxa.phy. The file partitions the 79,239 nucleotide characters into 86 character sets, and defines the best substitution model for each character set. <b>8) individual_gene_alignment.zip:</b> contains 429 FAS files, one for each of the partitioned nucleotide character sets in the concatenated_nt_partition.nex file. Hyphens are used to represent gaps. These files were used to construct gene trees using IQ-TREE v1.6.12, followed by multispecies coalescent analysis using ASTRAL v 4.10.5.

These data files were used for phylogenomic analyses of Darnini and related Membracidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) in the referenced article by Gonzalez-Mozo et al. - The "mem_50p_alignment.fas" file contains the aligned, concatenated nucleotide sequence data for 51 species and 492 genetic loci included in the phylogenetic analyses ("N" indicates missing data and "-" indicates an alignment gap). - The file "Table1.rtf" lists the included species, country of origin and genbank accession number. Species newly sequenced for this study have a Sample ID with prefix "DAR"; previously sequenced species for which data were downloaded from genbank have "NCBI" indicated in the same column of the table. - The file "partition_def.txt" lists the 492 genetic loci included in the alignment with their exact positions indicated by the range of numbers given at the end of each line (e.g., locus "uce-1" occupies positions 1-280 in the alignment). - The substitution model file "mem_50p.model" contains information on the substitution models used in the partitioned maximum likelihood analysis, including the models used for different data partitions and parameter values, as output by the phylogenetic software IQ-TREE. - Individual tree files in Newick format (plain text) are provided for the phylogeny from concatenated analysis with the best likelihood score ("mem_50p_bestLikelihoodScore"), concatenated likelihood analysis with gene concordance factors ("mem_50p_gcf") and site concordance factors ("mem_50p_scf"). - The tree file from the ASTRAL analysis is "mem_50p_astral". - The zip archive entitled “IQ-TREE analysis results.zip” includes output from the maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated nucleotide sequence data, including the following: (1) main output file “mem_50p.iqtree” summarizing model selection, partitioning schemes, likelihood scores, and run parameters; (2) “mem_50p.mldist” including pairwise ML distances between taxa; (3) “mem_50p.best_scheme.nex” with the best partitioning scheme identified by ModelFinder in NEXUS format and (4) “mem_50p.best_scheme” the RAxM-compatible version of the same file. - The “Ultrafast bootstrap results.zip” zip archive contains: (1) “mem_50p.ufboot” with the bootstrap replicate trees; (2) “mem_50p.contree” with the majority-rule consensus tree with support values; (3) “mem_50p.splits.nex”, with split support values across the replicates; (4) “mem_50p.log” is the log file. - The “gene_trees.zip” zip archive contains the individual gene trees as input for subsequent coalescent gene tree analysis in the phylogenetic program ASTRAL. - The file "DarniniAHE_Character Matrix.csv" contains the data for 6 morphological characters for which the ancestral states were reconstructed using the phylogenetic results from analysis of anchored-hybrid data (see article text for details). - The file "scriptACRDarnini.txt" contains the commands used to reconstruct ancestral morphological characters states using the corHMM 2.8 R package. See the Methods section of the article for more details.

Simulation data related to the paper "Mastitis risk effect on the economic consequences of paratuberculosis control in dairy cattle: A stochastic modeling study"

A 30 year record of the vegetation in sample plots in a woodland in the Chicago area. The changes in these plots over time show how ecological restoration can yield dramatic results.

These data are the result of a multi-step process aimed at enriching BIBFRAME RDF with linked data. The process takes in an initial MARC XML file, transforms it to BIBFRAME RDF/XML, and then four separate python files corresponding to the BIBFRAME 1.0 model (Work, Instance, Annotation, and Authority) are run over the BIBFRAME RDF/XML output. The input and outputs of each step are included in this data set. Input file types include the CSV; MARC XML; and Master RDF/XML Files. The CSV contain bibliographic identifiers to e-books. From CSVs a set of MARC XML are generated. The MARC XML are utilized to produce the Master RDF file set. The major outputs of the enrichment code produce BIBFRAME linked data as Annotation RDF, Instance RDF, Work RDF, and Authority RDF.

This repository includes scripts and datasets for the paper, "TreeMerge: A new method for improving the scalability of species tree estimation methods." The latest version of TreeMerge can be downloaded from Github (https://github.com/ekmolloy/treemerge).

We developed and delivered in-person training at local health department offices in six of the seven Illinois Department of Public Health “health regions” between April-May of 2019. Pre-, post-, and six-month follow-up questionnaires on knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regards to tick surveillance were administered to training participants.

Atomic oxygen data from SCIAMACHY, for the MLT, 2002-2012, averaged for 26, 14 day periods, beginning January 1.

This dateset contains data files necessary to replicate figures from "Idealized Particle-Resolved Large-Eddy Simulations to Evaluate the Impact of Emissions Spatial Heterogeneity on CCN Activity" submitted to Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Within the compressed folder data.zip are two subdirectories, "processed_data" and "spatial-het". The "processed_data" directory contains netCDF files which contain a subset of simulation output used in figure generation. The "spatial-het" subdirectory contains a .csv file with spatial heterogeneity values computed via an exact algorithm of the spatial heterogeneity metric described by Mohebalhojeh et al. 2025. The subdirectory "sh-patterns" contains .csv files for each emissions scenario. Each entry corresponds to a single grid cell over a domain of dimension 100x100 (lateral resolution of the computational domain employed in this paper). Within scripts.zip are python notebooks for generating figures. Additional python modules are included which contain helper functions for notebooks. Furthermore, a Fortran version of the spatial heterogeneity metric is included alongside shells scripts for creating a python environment in which the code can be compiled and convert into a Python module. Note that the create_env.sh and compile_nsh.sh scripts must be run prior to executing cells in notebooks to make use of the spatial heterogeneity subroutines. <b>*Note*:</b> New in this V2: Following an initial review, an additional figure was requested, which required updates to both data.zip (adding one new NC file: no-heterogeneity_met-vars_subset.nc) and scripts.zip (a minor addition to a Python notebook). A README in PDF format has also been uploaded to provide a summary of the dataset.

This dataset contains BEPAM model code and input data to the replicate the results for "Assessing the Returns to Land and Greenhouse Gas Savings from Producing Energy Crops on Conservation Reserve Program Land." The dataset consists of: (1) The replication codes and data for the BEPAM model. The code file is named as output_0213-2020_Complete_daycent-agversion-[rental payment level]%_[biomass price].gms. (BEPAM-CRP model-Sep2020.zip) (2) Simulation results from the BEPAM model (BEPAM_Simulation_Results.csv) * Item (1) is in GAMS format. Item (2) is in text format.

*This is the third version of the dataset*. New changes in this 3rd version: <i>1.replaces simulations where the initial condition consists of a sinusoidal channel with topographic perturbations with simulations where the initial condition consists of a sinusoidal channel without topographic perturbations. These simulations better illustrate the transformation of a nondendritic network into a dendritic one. 2. contains two additional simulations showing how total domain size affects the landscape's dynamism. 3. changes dataset title to reflect the publication's title</i> This dataset contains data from 18 simulations using a landscape evolution model. A landscape evolution model simulates how uplift and rock incision shape the Earth's (or other planets) surface. To date, most landscape evolution models exhibit "extreme memory" (paper: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083305 and dataset: https://doi.org/10.13012/B2IDB-4484338_V1). Extreme memory in landscape evolution models causes initial conditions to be unrealistically preserved. This dataset contains simulations from a new landscape evolution model that incorporates a sub-model that allows bedrock channels to erode laterally. With this addition, the landscapes no longer exhibit extreme memory. Initial conditions are erased over time, and the landscapes tend towards a dynamic steady state instead of a static one. The model with lateral erosion is named LEM-wLE (Landscape Evolution Model with Lateral Erosion) and the model without lateral erosion is named LEM-woLE (Landscape Evolution Model without Lateral Erosion). There are 16 folders in total. Here are the descriptions: <i>>LEM-woLE_simulations:</i> This folder contains simulations using LEM-woLE. Inside the folder are 5 subfolders containing 100 elevation rasters, 100 drainage area rasters, and 100 plots showing the slope-area relationship. Elevation depicts the height of the landscape, and drainage area represents a contributing area that is upslope. Each folder corresponds to a different initial condition. Driver files and code for these simulations can be found at https://github.com/jeffskwang/LEM-wLE. <i>>MOVIE_S#_data:</i> There are 13 data folders that contain raster data for 13 simulations using LEM-wLE. Inside each folder are 1000 elevation rasters, 1000 drainage area rasters, and 1000 plots showing the slope-area relationship. Driver files and code for these simulations can be found at https://github.com/jeffskwang/LEM-wLE. <i>>movies_mp4_format:</i> For each data folder there are 3 movies generated that show elevation (a), drainage area (b), and erosion rates (c). These files are formatted in the mp4 format and are best viewed using VLC media player (https://www.videolan.org/vlc/index.html). <i>>movies_wmv_format:</i> This folder contains the same movies as the "movies_mp4_format" folder, but they are in a wmv format. These movies can be viewed using Windows media player or other Windows platform movie software. Here are the captions for the 13 movies: Movie S1. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Sinusoidal channel without randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 1 open boundary at the bottom of the domain, and 3 closed boundaries elsewhere. KL/KV = 1. Movie S2. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Inclined with small, randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 1 open boundary at the bottom of the domain, and 3 closed boundaries elsewhere. KL/KV = 1. Movie S3. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Inclined with large, randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 1 open boundary at the bottom of the domain, and 3 closed boundaries elsewhere. KL/KV = 1. Movie S4. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: V-shaped valley with randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 1 open boundary at the bottom of the domain, and 3 closed boundaries elsewhere. KL/KV = 1. Movie S5. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Sinusoidal channel with randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 1 open boundary at the bottom of the domain, and 3 closed boundaries elsewhere. KL/KV = 1. Movie S6. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Sinusoidal channel without randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 1 open boundary at the bottom of the domain, and 3 closed boundaries elsewhere. KL/KV = 0.25. Movie S7. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Sinusoidal channel without randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 1 open boundary at the bottom of the domain, and 3 closed boundaries elsewhere. KL/KV = 0.5. Movie S8. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Sinusoidal channel without randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 1 open boundary at the bottom of the domain, and 3 closed boundaries elsewhere. KL/KV = 0.75. Movie S9. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Flat with randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 1 open boundary at the bottom of the domain, and 3 closed boundaries elsewhere. KL/KV = 1. Movie S10. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Flat with randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 2 open boundaries at the top and bottom of the domain, and 2 closed boundaries on the left and right sides. KL/KV = 1. Movie S11. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Flat with randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 4 open boundaries. KL/KV = 1. Movie S12. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Flat with randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 4 open boundaries. KL/KV = 1. Compared to Movie S11, the length of the domain is 50% shorter, decreasing the total domain area. Movie S13. 200 MYR (1,000 RUs eroded) simulation showing elevation (a), logarithm of drainage area (b), and change in elevation (c). Initial Condition: Flat with randomized perturbations. Boundary Condition: 4 open boundaries. KL/KV = 1. Compared to Movie S11, the length of the domain is 50% longer, increasing the total domain area. The associated publication for this dataset has not yet been published, and we will update this description with a link when it is.

Photographs and video of the snake Compsophis infralineatus predating upon the chameleons Calumma crypticum and Calumma gastrotaenia near Mandraka, Madagascar.

This dataset contains data used to generate figures and tables in the corresponding paper.

This dataset contains all data used in the two studies included in "PICAN-PI..." by Nute, et al, other than the original raw sequences. That includes: 1) Supplementary information for the Manuscript, including all the graphics that were created, 2) 16S Reference Alignment, Phylogeny and Taxonomic Annotation used by SEPP, and 3) Data used in the manuscript as input for the graphics generation (namely, SEPP outputs and sequence multiplicities).

1. Rice H2 - Destructive Harvest - These data are for the destructive harvest (above-ground biomass) of 30 diverse indica rice genotypes that were grown to evaluate natural variation as well as the heritability of photosynthesis-related traits. Traits measured include: plant height, leaf area, plant fresh and dry weights, and tiller number. 2. Rice H2 - ACi Response Summary - These data characterize the response of CO2 uptake to change in intercellular CO2 concentration in 30 diverse indica rice genotypes. These measurements were taken to evaluate natural variation and the heritability of photosynthesis-related traits in rice. 3. Rice H2 - Survey Style Gas Exchange Measurements - These data document steady-state survey style gas exchange measurements in 30 diverse indica rice genotypes. These measurements were taken to evaluate natural variation and the heritability of photosynthesis-related traits in rice.

Recent advancements in monocot transformation, using leaf tissue as explant material, have expanded the number of grass species capable of transgenesis. However, the complexity of vectors and reliance on inducible excision of essential morphogenic regulators have so far limited widespread application. Plant RNA viruses, such as Foxtail Mosaic Virus (FoMV), present a unique opportunity to express morphogenic regulator genes, such as Babyboom (Bbm), Wuschel2 (Wus2), Wuschel-like homeobox protein 2a (Wox2a) and the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 4 (GRF4) GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (GIF1) fusion protein transiently in leaf explant tissues. Furthermore, altruistic delivery of conventional and viral vectors could provide opportunities to simplify vectors used for leaf transformation—facilitating vector optimization and reducing reliance on morphogenic regulator gene integration. In this study, both viral and conventional T-DNA vectors were tested for their ability to promote the formation of embryonic calli, a critical step in leaf transformation protocols, using Sorghum bicolor leaf explants. Although conventional leaf transformation vectors yielded viable embryonic calli (43.2 ± 2.9%: GRF4-GIF1, 50.2 ± 3%: Bbm/Wus2), altruistic conventional vectors employing the GRF4-GIF1 morphogenic regulator resulted in improved efficiencies (61.3 ± 4.7%). Altruistic delivery was further enhanced with the use of viral vectors employing both GRF4-GIF1 and Bbm/Wus2 regulators, resulting in 75.1 ± 2.3% and 79.2 ± 2.5% embryonic calli formation, respectively. Embryonic calli generated from both conventional and viral vectors produced shoots expressing fluorescent reporters, which were confirmed using molecular analysis. This work provides an important proof-of-concept for the use of both altruistic vectors and viral-expressed morphogenic regulators for improving plant transformation.

Supporting information for "Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations and Hot Flashes in Pre- and Perimenopausal Women from the Midlife Women’s Health Study." This file contains tables of the results of stratified analyses of the associations of hot flash outcomes with urinary phthalates metabolites by menopause status, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and depressive status. This file also contains supplementary HPLC methods for the analysis of phthalate metabolites.

This small dataset is a raw data of anthropometric and dietary intake data.

Adey_Larson_Behavior.csv: Results of behavioral assays for rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus collected from six lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin in summer 2018. Crayfish_ID is an individual crayfish ID or identifier that matches to individuals in Adey_Larson_Isotope. Collection is how organisms were collected (trapped = baited trapping, snorkel = by hand). Lake is the study lake crayfish were collected from. Length is crayfish carapace length in mm. CPUE is crayfish catch-per-unit effort from baited trapping in that lake during summer 2018. Shelter_Occupancy, Exploration, Feeding_Snail, Feeding_Detritus, Feeding_Crayfish, and Aggressiveness are behavioral assay scores for individual crayfish. Shelter_Occupancy is frequency of observation intervals (12 maximum) in which crayfish were observed in shelter over a 12 hour period. Exploration is time for crayfish to explore a new area measured in seconds (maximum possible time 1200 seconds or 20 minutes). Feeding_Snail, Feeding_Detritus, and Feeding_Crayfish is the time for crayfish to take a food item (snail, detritus, or snail in the presence of another crayfish) measured in seconds (maximum possibe time 1200 seconds or 20 minutes). Aggressiveness is the response to an approach with a novel object scored as a fast retreat (-2), slow retreat (-1), no visible response (0), approach without threat display (1), approach with threat display (2), interaction with closed chelae (3), or interaction with open chelae (4). Three repeated aggressiveness measures were made per individual (Aggresiveness1, Aggresiveness2, Aggresiveness3), which were summed for inclusion in subsequent analyses (Aggresiveness_Sum). More detailed behavioral assay methods can be found in Adey 2019 Masters thesis. Adey_Larson_Isotope.csv: Stable isotope (13C, 15N) values for rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus and snail or mussel primary consumers from six lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin collected during summer 2018. Crayf is an individual crayfish ID or identifier that matches to the same individual crayfish in Adey_Larson_Behavior. Lake is the study lake. Collection is how organisms were collected (trapped = baited trapping, snorkel = by hand). Sample type indicates whether isotope values are for crayfish, snail, or mussel. d13C and d15N are stable isotope values.

Agriculture is the largest user of water in the United States. Yet, we do not understand the spatially resolved sources of irrigation water use by crop. The goal of this study is to estimate crop-specific irrigation water use from surface water withdrawals, total groundwater withdrawals, and nonrenewable groundwater depletion for the Continental United States. Water use by source is provided for 20 crops and crop groups from 2008 to 2020 at the county spatial resolution. These results present the first national-scale assessment of irrigation by crop, county, water source, and year. In total, there are nearly 2.5 million data points in this dataset (3,142 counties; 13 years; 3 water sources; and 20 crops). This dataset supports the paper by Ruess et al (2023) in Water Resources Research, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032804. When using, please cite as: Ruess, P.J., Konar, M., Wanders, N. , & Bierkens, M. (2023). Irrigation by crop in the Continental United States from 2008 to 2020, Water Resources Research, 59, e2022WR032804. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032804

This is a simulated sequence dataset generated using INDELible and processed via a sequence fragmentation procedure.

Data accompanying the article "Physics of Unraveling and Micromechanics of Hagfish Threads". Abstract of the article: Hagfish slime is a unique biological material composed of mucus and protein threads that rapidly deploy into a cohesive network when deployed in seawater. The forces involved in thread deployment and interactions among mucus and threads are key to understanding how hagfish slime rapidly assembles into a cohesive, functional network. Despite extensive interest in its biophysical properties, the mechanical forces governing thread deployment and interaction remain poorly quantified. Here, we present the first direct in situ measurements of the micromechanical forces involved in hagfish slime formation, including mucus mechanical properties, skein peeling force, thread–mucus adhesion, and thread–thread cohesion. Using a custom glass-rod force sensing system, we show that thread deployment initiates when peeling forces exceed a threshold of approximately 6.8 nN. To understand the flow strength required for unraveling, we used a rheo-optic setup to impose controlled shear flow, enabling us to directly observe unraveling dynamics and determine the critical shear rate for unraveling of the skeins, which we then interpreted using an updated peeling-based force balance model. Our results reveal that thread–mucus adhesion dominates over thread–thread adhesion and that deployed threads contribute minimally to bulk shear rheology at constant flow rate. These findings clarify the physics underlying the rapid, flow-triggered assembly of hagfish slime and inform future designs of synthetic deployable fiber–gel systems.

Weather data used in the survival (mark-recapture) analysis of Swainson's Thrushes crossing the Gulf of Mexico